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Conformity and eccentricity; driving forces of cultural evolution
Kutsos, Peter ; Tureček, Petr (advisor) ; Šaffa, Gabriel (referee)
When deciding between alternative strategies, animals often have to operate with limited or conflicting information. In these situations, what source of information they prioritize can make a huge difference. Individuals relying on social information (social learners) economize on costs like the risk of eating the wrong food or the energy needed to survey the environment but run the risk of the information they use being out of date or of low quality. On the other hand, those who prioritize individual learning can be more confident in the accuracy of their information, but without any social learning are forced to "reinvent the wheel" every generation. Natural selection has shaped several adaptive heuristic rules which help inform social learning. One category of these rules is frequency-dependent, which means that the probability of behavioural pattern acquisition depends on how common (or rare) they are in a population. This work is a literature review regarding two such rules: conformity and anticonformity and the roles they play in cultural evolution. Keywords: Frequency-dependent transmission, cultural evolution, social learning, conformity bias, anticonformity
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Tableau Vivant and its Practice in the Czech Milieu of the Second Half of the 19th Century
Daňková, Lucie ; Prahl, Roman (advisor) ; Rakušanová, Marie (referee)
The thesis explores the phenomenon of so-called living pictures, often internationally known under the French translation of the phrase - as tableaux vivants (in singular form a tableau vivant). It is a type of theatrical performance and a paratheatrical genre performed by participants in costumes who, for a short time, motionlessly maintain a certain position, so that the whole scene resembles a work of art - most often a picture, as the term suggests. As templates for the scene composition were selected famous paintings (contemporary audience then amused themselves by identifying them and by the illusion of the picture "brought to life", which the production evoked), but also sculptures; some scenes were designed from scratch, as in the case of so-called Apotheosis (a living picture meant for glorification of a certain personality) and various allegories, in the Czech milieu often with patriotic overtones. A living picture therefore had many forms, and also a variety of different functions - entertaining, aesthetic, communicating or for instance representational, which is associated with aristocratic families in particular and in our lands very considerably with the Sokol organization. Attention is focused on the "golden age" of living pictures, i.e. the 19th century, specifically in its second...
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Visual experince as example and pattern in relation to the expansion and influence into human life
Nohejl, Jiří ; Czumalo, Vladimír (advisor) ; Vojtěchovský, Miroslav (referee)
The main theme of this dissertation is to define an image as a visual experience. The human interaction is described by the author himself as a perception of the image, which serves as an information unit that could be presented as a possibility, example and pattern for the individual. There is an emphasis on the process of perception itself and on the way of interaction of an individual emphasizing the context of social learning and imitation in this text. The analysis of the principles of this interaction leading into introduction of the partial interactive models covering these processes is formed by the essential plane. The structure of the thesis is divided into ten main chapters in which the author tries to introduce a category of perception, a definition of the image and imitation as a tool of cultural transmission, presentation of the units of this transmission, the process of the interaction itself and analogous example of the fundamental role that a person in this interaction holds. There are also three analogies of these roles, which refer to the anthropological universal interaction describing the man as a gatherer and hunter. Their main purpose is to illustrate the form of a human experience better. Finally, there are reflections on the topic above. The possibilities and results, which...
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Visual experince as example and pattern in relation to the expansion and influence into human life
Nohejl, Jiří ; Wittlich, Filip (referee)
The main theme of this dissertation is to define an image as a visual experience. The human interaction is described by the author himself as a perception of the image, which serves as an information unit that could be presented as a possibility, example and pattern for the individual. There is an emphasis on the process of perception itself and on the way of interaction of an individual emphasizing the context of social learning and imitation in this text. The analysis of the principles of this interaction leading into introduction of the partial interactive models covering these processes is formed by the essential plane. The structure of the thesis is divided into ten main chapters in which the author tries to introduce a category of perception, a definition of the image and imitation as a tool of cultural transmission, presentation of the units of this transmission, the process of the interaction itself and analogous example of the fundamental role that a person in this interaction holds. There are also three analogies of these roles, which refer to the anthropological universal interaction describing the man as a gatherer and hunter. Their main purpose is to illustrate the form of a human experience better. Finally, there are reflections on the topic above. The possibilities and results, which...
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Tableau Vivant and its Practice in the Czech Milieu of the Second Half of the 19th Century
Daňková, Lucie ; Prahl, Roman (advisor) ; Rakušanová, Marie (referee)
The thesis explores the phenomenon of so-called living pictures, often internationally known under the French translation of the phrase - as tableaux vivants (in singular form a tableau vivant). It is a type of theatrical performance and a paratheatrical genre performed by participants in costumes who, for a short time, motionlessly maintain a certain position, so that the whole scene resembles a work of art - most often a picture, as the term suggests. As templates for the scene composition were selected famous paintings (contemporary audience then amused themselves by identifying them and by the illusion of the picture "brought to life", which the production evoked), but also sculptures; some scenes were designed from scratch, as in the case of so-called Apotheosis (a living picture meant for glorification of a certain personality) and various allegories, in the Czech milieu often with patriotic overtones. A living picture therefore had many forms, and also a variety of different functions - entertaining, aesthetic, communicating or for instance representational, which is associated with aristocratic families in particular and in our lands very considerably with the Sokol organization. Attention is focused on the "golden age" of living pictures, i.e. the 19th century, specifically in its second...
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Visual experince as example and pattern in relation to the expansion and influence into human life
Nohejl, Jiří ; Wittlich, Filip (referee)
The main theme of this dissertation is to define an image as a visual experience. The human interaction is described by the author himself as a perception of the image, which serves as an information unit that could be presented as a possibility, example and pattern for the individual. There is an emphasis on the process of perception itself and on the way of interaction of an individual emphasizing the context of social learning and imitation in this text. The analysis of the principles of this interaction leading into introduction of the partial interactive models covering these processes is formed by the essential plane. The structure of the thesis is divided into ten main chapters in which the author tries to introduce a category of perception, a definition of the image and imitation as a tool of cultural transmission, presentation of the units of this transmission, the process of the interaction itself and analogous example of the fundamental role that a person in this interaction holds. There are also three analogies of these roles, which refer to the anthropological universal interaction describing the man as a gatherer and hunter. Their main purpose is to illustrate the form of a human experience better. Finally, there are reflections on the topic above. The possibilities and results, which...
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Temporal accuracy of speech imitation in two age groups of children
Prachová, Pavla ; Volín, Jan (advisor) ; Palková, Zdena (referee)
The goal of this thesis was to test the ability of speech imitation in terms of temporal accuracy in two age groups of children. The first age group comprised 8 girls and 8 boys at the age of 10 to 11 years; the second group consisted of 8 girls and 8 boys at the age of 12 to 13 years. For the purpose of the experiment a perception-production test was created - it consisted of six, nine and twelve syllabic declarative sentences which contained two, three and four trisyllabic stress- groups. The task of the participating children was to repeat the sentences in three manners: in exactly the same words as they had heard them, and then by using the syllable /na/ and /ba/. Even though the children were able to meet the task, in some cases deviations occurred, such as deformations of the sentences in a certain way. Accuracy of imitation was investigated through average deviations from the model sentences. Based on the obtained values we identified the factors of length and composition of the task items and also the manner and order of imitation. We were also interested whether age and gender of respondents affect the accuracy of imitation. Key words speech rhythm, tempo, duration, stress-group, average deviation, imitation, children
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Language of Music: Claudio Monteverdi as an Innovator in the Field of Dealing With Text in Music
Kroupová, Sylvie ; Valášek, Marek (advisor) ; Pecháček, Stanislav (referee)
TITLE: THE LANGUAGE OF MUSIC: Claudio Monteverdi as an innovator in the field of dealing with text in music. SUMMARY: The main topic of this Thesis is Claudio Monteverdi's work and its importance for the development of dealing with text in music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque period. In Monteverdi's compositions we can follow the evolution of counterpoint techniques reaching from the traditional 16th century vocal polyphony to the purely monodic approach to composition that is typical of Baroque music. The text works as a creative element that affects the author's way of working, leading him from the first experiments with the musical representation of each word in the madrigal to a dramatic expression of the text in the style of opera. In his work Monteverdi uses wordpainting to an unprecedented extent. He invents new musical expression for words that contain a strong emotional charge, like subtle rhythmic figures for joyful words, or sharp dissonances for words conveying pain. He is the first composer to achieve excellence in combining flawless technical skill with the dramatic line of the composition. His work forms an imaginary bridge between music of two periods: in the first period text is perceived as a mere "servant" of music but becomes the "ruler" of it in the later one. The Thesis...
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